War on the border : Villa, Pershing, the Texas Rangers, and an American invasion
(Book)

Includes bibliographical references (pages 321-330) and index.

1916. After Pancho Villa's bloody raid on a small US border town, the "Punitive Expedition" was launched in retaliation. Under Pershing's command it brought together the Army, National Guard, and the Texas Rangers, who were little more than organized vigilantes with a profound dislike of Mexicans on both sides of the border. Villa was a guerrilla fighter who commanded an ever-changing force of conscripts in northern Mexico. The American expedition was the last action by the legendary African-American "Buffalo Soldiers" and the first time the Army used automobiles and trucks, as well as Curtiss Jenny airplanes that did reconnaissance. Guinn tells how the effects of this military incursion still haunt the border region to this day. -- Adapted from jacket.